French+Revolution+9R

__**William Wang Seong Min Choi Hyung Rae Roh

**__ The Revolution Started from 1787 ended in 1799
 * __ General Information/Concepts __**

French Revolution was not about colonies gaining independence It focused on destroying unfair class system & rule of king's existence over 800 years 

Main theme of the war was 'Liberty, Equality and Fraternity'. Later on this theme was spread around the world and it helped the idea of democracy to be known worldwide

This picture is called Liberty Leading the People by **__Eugene Delacroix__**. This picture is about the French Revolution. all those who have died are the soldiers fighting for the King. The women in the middle is described as "liberty".

- **__First Estate__** - An estate was a very large group of people. - It was divided into three estate. - First Estate
 * __French Estate__**
 * fisrt estate was made out of clergies
 * clergy are the official leaders of the religious activities of a particular group of believers.
 * They are all rich, and lived like nobles.
 * they helped the King of Louis
 * they paid no taxes
 * total population = 400,000 (2%)

- **__Second Estate__**
 * second estate was made out of nobles.
 * they were landowners.
 * Most of them had wealth and had some power
 * not particulary rich
 * even though they were wealthy, they did not pay the taxes
 * some of them thought that the King were running the country bad.
 * total population = 150,000 (1%)

- **__Third Estate__**
 * third estate was made out of everyone else in the France.
 * some of them were middle-class people.
 * they had money but no power.
 * they paid taxes
 * the peasants and the town workers paid heavy taxes.
 * many of them weer poor
 * no one in this estate had any say in the running the country
 * total population = 25 million (97%)

- there were more third estate poeple rather than first or second estate.  The war lasted between 1756-1763 which involved all the European nations that holds power, the war was between Prussia and Britain and German states against the alliance of Austria, France, Russia, Sweden and Saxony. The war resulted death number over one million. This war has been described as the **__FIRST WORLD WAR 1770 Paris__** – Marie Antoinette, the Empress of Austria who is born in 1755, marries to King Louis 16th.
 * //__TimeLine:__//**
 * __1740__** - The War of Austrian Succession caused the French to fall heavily into debt.
 * __1756__** - The Seven Years War.
 * __1774__** - Coordination of Louis XVI at Reims
 * __1775-1783__ -** Start of American Revolution
 * __1778__** French declares war against Great Britain to support the Americans however the war has made the debt situation of France even worse.
 * __1783__ //-//** Treaty of Paris ends the war. American Revolution succeeds.
 * __1785__** The Affair of the Diamond Necklace was a mysterious incident involving Louis XVI’s wife, Marie Antoinette. The cost of the diamond necklace was extremely expensive and it was a significant event that led to the French Revolution.
 * __Summer 1788__** - During 1780’s, France King, the King Louis 16th was pressured to make changes in France. King Louis was short of money
 * __June 1789__** - decided to make new tax system however the parliament representatives refuse, Louis backs down.
 * __July 1789__** - People of Paris a prison in middle of Paris. They destroy the prison, and King Louis 16th gave away more of his power to the parliament.
 * __October 1789__** – Serious food shortages. Women of Paris go to Palace of Versailles to protest to King Louis. The king and his family are forced to leave Versailles. They go to live in the Tuileries Palaces in Paris.
 * __June 1791__** – Louis and his wife Marie-Antoinette and their children plan to escape France. However they fail, and are captured. From then they are treated as prisoners.
 * __January 1793__** – King Louis is executed. He is regarded as a traitor to France by people who are in power.
 * __October 1793__** – King Louis’s wife, Marie-Antoinette is executed.
 * __Spring 1793~Summer 1794__** – Against foreign war, civil war, and food shortages, The Committee of Public Safety organizes a “Reign of Terror” (12 men), the leader was called Maximilien Robespierre. Everyone is executed who is considered to be against the revolution.
 * __July 1794__** – As a result of Robespierre’s policy, everyone is feared that they would die. Members of convention plots against him, arrests Robespierre and sentences him to death.

- Some people thought Louis was a weak king because he uses his time only for hunting. - Some people thought the real problem is the food shortage. The harvest of 1787~1788 was shocking. Also, the bread was expensive becasue of this. - The poor people paid the taxes and the rich people paid nothing.= unfair!!! - Some said that it is all because of hopeless adviser. They ran country badly and ruined the France. - Some said that because the King married to the foreign woman from Austria, she used the money like water. The revolution ended when Napoleon Bonaparte took over the government. (Napoleon Bonaparte was a French general) 1. financial condition in the government got worsen. - this is because of Seven Year's war, which made French to use more money on the soldiers and armies.
 * __Causes __**

2. Economic Depression - because of the unfairness of the tax laws, it led to outbreak of French Revolution - poor agriculture conditions - result: income was shrinking

3. New ideas of the Enlightenment Movement - it is also known as Age of Reason - promoted to use scientific reasoning as the best ways to solve problems (depending on their faith) - ordinary people should be free to elect the leaders (this is important) - it was different idea from the Divine Right of kings People wanted Revolution, or Equality because before 1789, the high class (The nobles and clergy) were the privileged people. Inequality was one of the main cause that started people to revolt. Furthermore, women were considered to be less privileged than men. Even though women worked as hard as men, they were paid less than men. This was also a cause to revolt. Also, most of the taxes were paid by the Third Estate(low class) Which also provoked them to revolt against the old government. Income Tax. Paid to landlord. Landlord would charge peasants heavily to use his mill to gind corn. For a few days each year, peasants had to work. Tax of 10 percent of all income, paid to Church. A tax on salt. Salt was important because it helped to preserve food from rotting. A tax on a bottle of wine. Louise XIV spent too much money, then Louise XVI failed to financial the situation and the government was bankrupted at 1789. Due to the success of American Revolution, the French are encouraged to go against their king
 * __TYPES OF TAXES__**
 * Taille **
 * Seigneurial (feudal) tax **
 * Corvee (work tax) **
 * Tithe **
 * Gabelle **
 * Aide **

A new order 'Declaration of the Rights of Man' was established after the revolution Declaration of the Rights of Man was proved by the National Assembly of France.
 * __Consequences __**

This is a long term consequences because many countries in the world today is using the idea created by France which is a democratic government.

Below are the 17 articles supports the Declareation of the Rights of Man

Articles: 1. Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good.

2. The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.

3. The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation. No body nor individual may exercise any authority which does not proceed directly from the nation.

4. Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else; hence the exercise of the natural rights of each man has no limits except those which assure to the other members of the society the enjoyment of the same rights. These limits can only be determined by law.

5. Law can only prohibit such actions as are hurtful to society. Nothing may be prevented which is not forbidden by law, and no one may be forced to do anything not provided for by law.

6. Law is the expression of the general will. Every citizen has a right to participate personally, or through his representative, in its foundation. It must be the same for all, whether it protects or punishes. All citizens, being equal in the eyes of the law, are equally eligible to all dignities and to all public positions and occupations, according to their abilities, and without distinction except that of their virtues and talents.

7. No person shall be accused, arrested, or imprisoned except in the cases and according to the forms prescribed by law. Any one soliciting, transmitting, executing, or causing to be executed, any arbitrary order, shall be punished. But any citizen summoned or arrested in virtue of the law shall submit without delay, as resistance constitutes an offense.

8. The law shall provide for such punishments only as are strictly and obviously necessary, and no one shall suffer punishment except it be legally inflicted in virtue of a law passed and promulgated before the commission of the offense.

9. As all persons are held innocent until they shall have been declared guilty, if arrest shall be deemed indispensable, all harshness not essential to the securing of the prisoner's person shall be severely repressed by law.

10. No one shall be disquieted on account of his opinions, including his religious views, provided their manifestation does not disturb the public order established by law.

11. The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of man. Every citizen may, accordingly, speak, write, and print with freedom, but shall be responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law.

12. The security of the rights of man and of the citizen requires public military forces. These forces are, therefore, established for the good of all and not for the personal advantage of those to whom they shall be intrusted.

13. A common contribution is essential for the maintenance of the public forces and for the cost of administration. This should be equitably distributed among all the citizens in proportion to their means.

14. All the citizens have a right to decide, either personally or by their representatives, as to the necessity of the public contribution; to grant this freely; to know to what uses it is put; and to fix the proportion, the mode of assessment and of collection and the duration of the taxes.

15. Society has the right to require of every public agent an account of his administration.

16. A society in which the observance of the law is not assured, nor the separation of powers defined, has no constitution at all.

17. Since property is an inviolable and sacred right, no one shall be deprived thereof except where public necessity, legally determined, shall clearly demand it, and then only on condition that the owner shall have been previously and equitably indemnified. France was the first country to set an example of Democracy __ FURTHERMORE __ - French Revolution involved changing the structure of national government several times. (Short Term) - In the end a successful Democratic government did not arise. (Long Term) Some consequences of the French Revolution - It changed the government, administration, military, and culture of the nation (Long Term) - Also, it resulted into a series of wars in Europe (Short Term) - France went from a largely feudal state under an absolutist monarch to a republic (Long Term) - This resulted the excution of the king and then to an empire under Napoleon Bonaparte (Short Term) - Everyone finally became EQUAL (Long Term)


 * __Napoleon__**

Born in August 15 1769 and died at May 5 1821

Napoleon was the military and political leader of France that shaped the European Politic during the early 19 century; after he took over the French Government he crowned himself as the emperor for five years until his fortune changed at 1812 during the Russian Invasion. His army was badly injured (Grande Armee) and was never fully recovered during the Invasion. In 1813 during the War of Sixth Coalition Napoleon was defeated. After the defeat of his army France was invaded and he was forced to be exiled to the island of Elba,

However less than a year later he escaped Elba and returned to power but was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo in june 1815. Napoleon spent the rest of his life under British supervision at the island of Saint Helena.

Six years later his life met its end He died because of stomach cancer although scientist belives that he died Arsenic Poisoning which leads to death by multi system organ failure **__AOI's__**
 * First of all, the French Revolution is related to number of the AOIs, to illustrate the Community and Service, Human Ingenuity and Health and Social Education **<span style="font-size: 14pt; background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">.

<span style="msofareastfontfamily: 굴림; msofontkerning: 0pt; msobidifontsize: 10.0pt;">**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">The French Revolution is also related to Community and Service, because the French Revolution is strongly related to individual roles in a community. For example the role that each citizen plays is unequal and people are being separated into three different classes, the first, second, and third estate. Each estate plays very different roles for the country and it is especially unfair for the third estate. The third estate (middle class) had to pay all the taxes, however, on the other hand the rich people did not have to pay any, therefore the poor’s remain poor and the rich becomes even wealthier. Louis XVI did not take any positive actions for his country. Louis XVI did not care about his citizens and used a lot of his country's money to make a necklace for his wife. Which was a important event that led to the French Revolution and the existence of King system for 800 years was desolated. ** **<span style="background: white; color: #404040; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> French Revolution is also related to Human Ingenuity. First of all, the revolution created equality in the France. Before the revolution happened, there was inequality in France that only ordinary people paid the taxes. Also, they created a new form of government, which was type of Democracy in France. They made the people to be equal in France until today. Furthermore, the national assembly and legislative assembly was created during the French revolution. They were first and second government during the French revolution and they made a great success on this. Therefore, the largest creation during the French Revolution is equality by the new forms of government in France. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">The French revolution is related to the Health and Social Education, because the revolution was created by the unethical governing of the King Louis XVI, and the citizen’s attitude to the King Louis XVI was very negative. Because the King Louis XVI spent a lot of money for himself and his wife, the country was not well governed. This made the living standards of the citizens very awful. Moreover, the third estate (middle class) had to pay a lot of taxes, in contrast to the “rich” people who did not pay any taxes. Therefore, not also the King Louis XVI hasn’t governed the country well, but also did not actually care about his citizens. His responsibility as a king was very poor. The resolution to these conflicts was the French Revolution. By the revolution, King Louis XVI was executed, and new government was formed. ** <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">

<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> __**Primary Source Assessment**__ <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;">The following link below is a primary source written by Marquise de Condorcet in 1790. He wrote about Giving Women the Rights of Citizenship.

[] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;"> <span style="font-family: 바탕; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> Propaganda: one-sided communication designed to influence and change people’s thinking and actions usually by speech or posters This is a propaganda is called "This is my dear son" : Napoleon as Child of the Devil. Even though Napoleon was the first ruler after the French Revolution, many people were against him. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 바탕; msohansifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">This propaganda was to persuade people that Napoleon is never a good leader of the country. <span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"><span style="font-size: 20pt; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">**__ The French Government after the Revolution __** National Assembly

- leaders of the Third Estate decided to form a new government, which is called National Assembly. - They invited nobles and clergy to join them as equals in governing the country. - Few agreed. - One noble called Marquis de Lafayette, who was served as general in the American Revolutionaly war, played an important role in the setting up the National Assembly. - In the end, the king and nobles lack the powers to stop the new government - It was created against the King Louis XVI. - Many people believed that National Assembly can protect them in peace. National Assembly makes some important changes

- August, 1789~ September, 1791 - made new changes by passing new laws to solve some problems - election was held for local government officies - granted complete religious freedom - Everyone paid equal amount of taxes

Legislative Assembly - second government of the French Revolution - when Legislative Assembly took charge of the government of France in October 1st, 1791, it faced 3 serious challenges. - 1) severe economic troubles that it helped cause the French Revolution - 2) Catholics strongly opposed the rule of the Legislative Assembly - 3) The king of the France had been secretly trying to obtain military support from other country to destroy the Revolutionary government __**Bibliography**__ <span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">"French Revolution." Britannica Student Encyclopedia. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online School Edition. 12 Mar. 2009 Woloch, Isser. "Robespierre." World Book Advanced. 2009. 20 March 2009 <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #404040; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: KO;">Hetherton, Greg. Revolutionary France. 1992. New York: CAMBRIDGE University Press, 2005. "Timeline of the French Revolution." Wikipedia. 19 Mar. 2009 < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Timeline_of_the_French_Revolution>. "The French Revolution." Wikipedia. 17 Mar. 2009 < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ French_Revolution>. "Causes of the French Revolution." French Revolution. 19 Mar. 2009 < http://www.thecorner.org/hist/ f3/fr_revo_causes.htm>. Description of Estates. Personal photograph by author. 3 Apr. 2002. 2 Apr. 2009 <http://blogs.warwick.ac.uk/images/hollycruise/2006/01/09/rev3.jpg>. Liberty leading the People. Personal photograph by author. 2 Apr. 2009 [].