Chinese+Revolution

Type in the content of // San Ming Kim, Robert Mitchell, Min Su Kang, Dylan Delaney, Jong Woon Han //

Chinese Revolutio n


 * General information about the Chinese revolution **

Throughout the entire nineteenth century, China was wracked by revolutions beginning with the White Lotus Rebellion from 1796 to 1804. As the pace of rebellion picked up throughout the nineteenth century, the imperial gradually grew in power and influence. By the last half of the nineteenth century civilian officials were for the most part mainly occupied with military matters. By the 1890's, as the Ch'ing dynasty slowly tottered to its conclusion, the spirit of revolution spread throughout China. This spirit of revolution was a heterogenous mix: for some it was a nationalist fervor, determined to throw out the foreign Ch'ing dynasty as well as the foreign powers that had carved up China into "spheres of influence." There was also a rural/peasant spirit of revolution which aimed for the renewal of traditional Chinese values through the establishment of a new dynasty derived from the peasantry, in much the same way the Han and the Ming dynasties had been established. There was also a commercial/industrial component to the spirit of revolution, wealthy gentry that stood to lose investments based on government actions. Finally, the most prominent element of the revolutionary forces in China were the urban intellectuals who advocated modernity and Westernism. China, these revolutionaries believed, needed to abandon traditional ways of thinking, such as Confucianism, and traditional social structures and adopt instead Western style government, thinking, industry, technology, and social structures. These were the revolutionaries that drove the reforms in the latter years of the Ch'ing period, then overthrew the government, and then, after several years of fragmentation, united China under the Nationalist government.

1911–12), nationalist democratic revolt that overthrew the [|**Qing (or Manchu) dynasty**]in 1912 and created a republic. Since their conquest of China in the 17th century, most of the Manchu had lived in comparative idleness Through the 19th century the dynasty had been declining, and, upon the death of the empress dowager Cixi (1908)

**The Chinese revolution was the most significant event of the post world war period. The October Revolution of 1917 in Russia heralded a new era in the history of human society. The unparalleled crisis of capitalism during inter-war years and the inter-imperialist contradictions sparked off the Second World War. Its conclusion weakened imperialism and marked the beginning of a new phase when people's democratic revolutions and socialist revolutions emerged victorious in a number of countries in Europe and Asia. These resulted in the disintegration of colonialism. The Chinese Revolution is the landmark event of this stage. Despite the cold war started by USA, the anti imperialist position of the newly liberated counties as well as the firm position coupled with the defence capability of world socialism prevented imperialist forces from initiating war and ensured world peace. However, with the setback to socialism in recent years the world balance of forces has shifted, for the present, in favour of imperialism. It is in this backdrop of contemporary history that the glorious conduct of the Chinese Revolution and its existence of 50 years is to be celebrated.**
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There were ten attempts in China before 1911. The revolution in 1911 really started to look like a revolution with the uprising in the Szechwan Province. People were angry about the building of the railway, students protested on August 24, 1911. When the leaders protest movements were ordered to be arrested riots broke out between troops and the protestors. 32 people were killed in the conflicts. From that day on, the army and the people of Szechwan fought with one another, no one was afraid of the consequences. The first protesters/ protests didn’t want to over through the imperial government. They only wanted their economic concerns met. These terms weren’t big terms, the people just needed some help at that time. When the people found that the government refused to negotiate with them, they changed there support to the revolutionaries. Corruption in the government was serious thing in the 1911 revolution. High officials were given gifts by low officials so that in return the low officials were given money that belonged to the government. To make matters worse heavy taxes were in forced on the people who suffered economically. This made people angry and made them rebel against the government
 * The 1911 Revolution **

In all, there were ten attempts at revolution in the provinces, most of them in the southwest. The revolution really began with the uprising in Szechwan. Angered at the nationalization of the railway, students took to the streets on August 24, 1911, demanding a delay in the proposed nationalization. When the leaders of the movement were order arrested, conflict broke out between troops and the protestors and thirty two people were killed. From this point onwards, the military and the people of Szechwan fought directly with one another. The original movement, it must be stressed, was begun by conservatie and wealth gentry. They did not want to overthrow the imperial government; they only wanted their financial concerns met. When they found that the imperial government refused to negotiate with them, they turned their support to the revolutionaries.

When the revolutionaries seized Wuchang, a series of provinces declared independence from the emperor in late October and the month of November: Changsha, Yunnan, Kwangtung, Szechwan. By the end of November, two-thirds of China had seceded from the Ch'ing empire.

In December, a delegation of provincial delegates from central and northern China declared China a republic and elected Sun Yat-sen as the provisional president of the Republic of China. They set January 1, 1912, as the first day of the Republic. There still, however, remained one final task: the elimination of the Ch'ing.

**SUN YAT SEN** Sun Yat-sen was born on November 12 1866 and died on March 12 1925, his given name was Sun Dixiang but he was also known as Sun YiXian. Sun Yat-sen was a Chinese Revolutionary and political leader and was often called [|Father of Modern China]. Sun played a huge role in overt roughing China’s last dynasty, The [|Qing Dynasty] in 1911. He was the first president when the ROC was founded in 1912. Sun Yat-sen was and still is today a uniting figure in Chinese culture, and is both revered in not only all around China but Taiwan and Hong Kong as well was a uniting figure in [|post-Imperial China], and remains unique among 20th-century [|Chinese] politicians for being widely revered in both [|Mainland China] and [|Taiwan] .\   Although Sun is considered one of the greatest leaders of modern [|China], his political life was tough and he had many struggles with exile. After the over through of the Qing Dynasty San Yat-sen quickly fell out of power in the just founded ROC, and let the contry to go from war lords who controlled most of china to a governed nation. After hes death Sun mentioned a philosophy known as “ //The// // [|Three Principles of the People] // (The People's Relation/Connection, The People's Power, and [|the People's Livelihood/Welfare], or sometimes known as [|nationalism] , [|democracy] / [|sovereignty] , and [|socialism] / [|populism] / [|livelihood] depending on the translation)”



 * Causes **



  The fact that European countries had lots of control over china caused the first Chinese revolution. Chinese people didn't like Europeans having power to control china so they grew dislike towards Qing dynasty. Qing dynasty couldn't manage to solve the problems well. Due to this, china thought that making china into a republic country with a new government system will help. W hen the reformation of china fails, it makes china weaker so that foreign countries can come in and act on their own. This can make the middle class discontented middle class because they are unhappy with the government. Even when a new ruling system is announced, most of them will oppose it with no hesitation. T he Chinese revolution occurred when they in the century of declination. They were getting affected by western imperialism. Once there was a person who called himself the younger brother of Jesus went around killing 50million Chinese people. After this, Qing launched attack against the westerners to preserve their power.   __ Underlying Causes and Background of the Chinese Revolution (1911 – 1912) __ <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> In the 19th century, when the Ch'ing was on the decline, foreign imperialism came to China and quickened the downward course of the dynasty. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> A. Anti-Manchu tradition B. The psychological comfort derived from anti-Manchu ideas in an age of foreign imperialism <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> A. Educational reform B. Political reform C. Military reform <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> A. Growing social disturbances after the Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) B. Introduction of modern, Western ideas into China C. Acceptance of the idea of revolution by an increasing number of Chinese intellectuals D. Revolutionary activities in China E. Revolutionary activities in Japan <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> A. Early life B. Intellectual background C. Foreign influence D. Chinese influence E. As a reformer, 1890-1894 F. dependence on secret societies and overseas Chinese G. As a revolutionary, 1901-1905: turn to overseas students <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> A. Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary strategy B. Huang Hsing's revolutionary strategy C. Revolutionary failures, 1907-1910 D. Weakening of the Revolutionary Alliance __<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The 1911 Revolution and the End of the Ch'ing Dynasty __ <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> A. Growing inefficiency and lack of capable men at the Manchu court, 1908-1911 B. The provincial gentry's dissatisfaction with the constitutional movement in Peking C. Worsened social discontent in the late 1900s D. The disputes between the Central government and the provinces over the problem of railway construction <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> A. Immediate events leading to the uprising B. Reasons for the success of the Wuhan Uprising C. Reactions to the successful Wuhan Uprising <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> A. The comeback of Yuan Shih-k'ai (Yuan Shikai) B. The election of Sun Yat-sen as president C. Peace talks between Yuan and the revolutionaries D. The end of the Ch'ing dynasty, February 1912 E. Yuan Shih-k'ai as President of the Chinese Republic F. Reasons for the acceptance of Yuan as the president by the revolutionaries G. Reasons for Yuan Shih-k'ai's acceptance of the presidency <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> A. Spread of republican and democratic ideas B. Weakening the Ch'ing dynasty's reputation C. Psychological preparation for the final overthrow of the Ch'ing dynasty D. Penetration into the government's New Army <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> A. Fund-raising to finance revolutionary activities B. Connections with foreigners and request for foreign help C. Willingness to work with lower social classes in revolutionary efforts D. Flexible leadership E. Strong confidence F. Comprehensive ideology for the revolutionary movement __<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">ALLIANCE (T'UNG-MENG HUI) IN THE WUHAN UPRISING OF 1911 __ <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> A. End to the monarchical form of government B. Decreased Confucianism and increased Westernization and modernization C. Practice of republicanism D. Lack of social revolution E. Increased provincial decentralization F. From anti-Manchuism to anti-imperialism. G. Increased foreign influence in China H. Loss of Outer Mongolia and Tibet

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 * Consequences **

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<span style="font-size: 200%; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">// Social //
<span style="font-size: 400%; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">After the Chinese revolution, citizen's right was enlarging. Before the Chinese revolution, all of the ancient Chinese countries had empeor and all political affairs are controlled by emperor or some high-ranking public officails. However, after the chinese revolution, citiznes are participating at political affars without emperor and some high-ranking public officails. Chinese government forbids queue and foot-binding; spread the equality of the sexes and equality ofthe class ideas. ** // Politic // ** ** Qin Dynasty was destroyed because of Chinese revolution. It caused the first democratic republic country in Asia. But Yun Shki hold military. He wants to be emperor himself. So he tried to build new country and he access emperor. But citizens are disagree Yun Shki. So revolution was outbreak again and Yun Shki slips from emperor. Chinese's democratic growth very slowly. **

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 * Concepts **

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 * AOI’s **

<span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">Chinese revolution is connected to every parts of AOI.

<span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);"> The 1911 Revolution began with an uprising the southwestern province of Sichuan. The uprising was motivated entirely by the imperial government's plan to nationalize the railway; as such, the main players were a diverse group of revolutionaries: wealthy investors who didn't want to lose their money, military commanders who wanted independence and, finally, Sun Yat-sen, a Westernized revolutionary who had first tried to overthrow the Ching Emperor in an abortive coup attempt in 1895. The latter figure was the leader of the revolution; Chinese historians refer to him as "The Father of the Revolution." Having been educated in the West, Sun envisioned the revolution as a "three-in-one" revolution: a nationalist revolution with the goal of expelling the foreign, Manchu dynasty from China; a democratic revolution to set up a democratic Chinese republic; a social revolution to equalize land rights and wealth. In 1905, Sun unified the various revolutionary movements into a single movement, the Chinese United League (//Chung-kuo T'ung-meng hui//, known as the //T'ung-meng hui// ). At this point Sun began plotting the revolution, which he saw as happening in three stages: military government for three years, a six year period of "political tutelage" in which the Chinese were trained in democratic government, and, finally, a constitutional democracy.

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Community and service had a lot of connections to chinese revolution. The Corruptions of communities caused the chinese revolution, many people were unsatisfied with thier community for very long time and finally few leaders appeared and revolved the country.======

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<span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">**Environments**: After the chinese revolution, China became people's republic. Since the government became the people's republic, the government got mor power to controll their people. And as the result of controlling their people, another huge revolution(cultural revolution) happened and killed thousands of innocent people. This affected millenias of people negatively. =====

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 * Primary source Assessment **
 * Bibliography **

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===<span style="color: rgb(255,0,0);"> · "Chinese Revolution of 1911." __World History: The Modern Era__. 2009. ABC-CLIO. 9 Mar. 2009 < [|http://www.worldhistory.abc-clio.com]>. ·  "  China**." __ Encyclopædia ____ Britannica __. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online School Edition. 10 Mar. 2009 <  [|http://school.ebonline.com/eb/article-71791] >. · Woo, Philip. " Chinese Revolution 1911 ." __The Chinese Revolution of 1911__. 1980. TK Chung. 12 Mar 2009 < [|http://www.thecorner.org/hist/china/chin-revo.htm]>. ===

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